If necessary, more than one note can be placed in a sentence. Style Note numbers are generally placed AFTER any punctuation marks and take the form of superscript numbers – 1,2,3 etc. Personal references or authors who appear as et.To identify or acknowledge other contributors.To provide more examples or counter-examples.To explain an unusual documentation practice.Footnotes and Endnotes DO NOT replace parenthetical in-text citations! Full references are still found in the Works Cited List at the end of your essay. Purposes for using Footnotes and Endnotes include: historiography/ Footnotes & Endnotesįootnotes or endnotes can be used to direct the reader to additional sources or add extra information or comments that would interrupt the flow of your text. “What is the History of Books?”, 2016, Accessed 29 Nov. “Roman writing had never much cared to separate words” (Houston 162). Houston refers to the Roman practice of placing dots between words as being a “brief dalliance” (162). NOTE – There is NO PUNCTUATION between the Author/Title and the location. If you use a signal phrase, mentioning the author or title (whichever best directs the reader to the reference in your Works Cited List) within your sentence, you only need to note the location in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the period. If there are no numbered divisions, there is no need to include the location in the in-text citation. Time range or timestamp for audiovisual sources.Act, scene and line number for plays with numbered lines.You would then include the location within the source: Begin with the shortest piece of information that directs to reader to the Reference in your Works Cited List: You can use parenthetical citation after a quote or paraphrase, and before the period at the end of the sentence. MLA9 gives you options for in-text citations Parentetical citations or Parenthetical citations with Footnotes and / or Endnotes.
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